Microstrip antennas are becoming very widespread within the mobile phone market. 1. The microstrip width calculator uses the following parameters to calculate: Dielectric thickness (h) Target impedance (Zo) Relative dielectric constant. Our RF calculators and converters will provide the figures you need for your radio frequency engineering needs. What is a Microstrip Line Calculator? The microstrip line calculator helps to determine the length and width of a microstrip line for characteristic impedance and electrical length. 1 Simple Transmission Line Model This transmission line model [8–10] was the first technique employed to analyze a rectangular microstrip antenna by Munson in 1974 [8]. A microstrip antenna has dominant modes. PI Network Impedance Matching. Description. A solution to the problems of microstrip is coplanar waveguide (CPW) shown in Figure [Math. For Example WR-650 means a waveguide whose cross section width is 6500 mils. The PCB internal/external trace resistance shall be calculated according to the following formula: R = (ρ * L / (T * W)) * (1 + α * (TAMB – 25 °C)) Where: R is the trace resistance [Ω] ρ is the resistivity parameter, whose value for copper is 1. Eq. Just as was the case with microstrip impedance calculators, stripline impedance calculators tend to rely on either the IPC-2141 formulas or on Wadell’s equations. everything RF has created a series of RF calculators to help engineers and students with common calculations that they need to conduct frequently. This microstrip impedance calculator gives you a good start for estimating the trace width and PCB dielectric thickness that will produce a target impedance value. The shape factor is defined as the ratio of two separate attenuation levels used to calculate the cutoff frequency. The microstrip line calculator makes it possible to calculate the characteristic impedance of a microstrip line from the ratio between the width of the line and the height of the substrate as well as the parameters of the substrate. When designing with transmission line elements, whether with microstrip, stripline, waveguide, or coaxial cable, it is sometimes necessary to create lumped element equivalents for shunt and series capacitors and inductors. Transmission Line Reflection Calculator TRY TOOL . 6 mils line width, and the effective dielectric constant is 6. This calculator requires symmetry in the trace widths and location between plane layers. 06/08/2009: EM Talk Store added - find discount microwave engineering components and devices. Use an online differential microstrip impedance calculator; Use an online differential stripline impedance calculatorDESIGN DATA FOR YOUR YAGI. Following table provides links to useful RF converters and calculators. Wcalc provides the ability to analyze the electrical parameters of a particular structure based on the physical dimensions and material parameters. Noise Conversion Calculator. 7 characteristic impedance 50 Ω . At low frequencies, where skin depth is greater than conductor width and thickness is greater than ground plane thickness, ac resistance is approximately the same as the dc resistance. The twisted pair helps create a more uniform inductance and capacitance per unit length of wire to ensure a constant impedance, by keeping the return path as close to the signal as possible. Note: Units do not matter for this calculation as long as they are consistent. This tool will also compute the resistance of the stripline, the voltage drop on it, and the resulting power dissipation. For example, a maximum frequency of 100 MHz corresponds to a. The transmission line types and the reference of their mathematical models are listed below: • Microstrip line: – H. The microstrip impedance calculator shown above uses Wadell’s equations for microstrip impedance, which can be found in the seminal textbook Transmission Line Design Handbook. 1-10. If output characteristic impedance has an output value than input impedance, then there is limited current flow. The electrical parameters may be determined from specified physical parameters, or the physical parameters required to meet a given set of electrical parameters may be found. High-frequency circuit designers must often consider the performance limits, physical dimensions, and even the power levels of a particular design when deciding upon an optimum printed-circuit-board (PCB) material for that design. Both pi filter and T filter section filter topologies are covered. O. - Inductive Reactance and Admittance Calculator - Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator - Wavelength Calculator - RF Power Density and many more. Instructions are below the calculator and don’t forget we can make and test your controlled impedance printed circuit board too. Passive band pass filter 1st order. The PCB Impedance Calculator in Altium Designer. The prototype built can be used UWB in communications or localization systems. 4. This calculator finds both odd and even transmission line impedance. If the reflection coefficient (Γ) is known, then the VSWR. If the ratio (L/W) is close to unity, the radiation pattern will be symmetric but may not provide a resonable input impedance. This calculator takes trace thickness into account and is not limited to a range of w / h ratios. where Z 0,surf can be computed as specified in Eq. 1. This calculator helps translating the color bars from the resistor to its value. Changed the RO3250 Er to 3. Microstrip. Here's a simple spreadsheet that will help you understand the concept of frequency translators Saturn PCB - Toolkit for Impedance Calculation. One should always check carefully whether a calculator implements these equations under the appropriate approximations. There are four different types of impedance used in characterizing differential trace impedances. The microstrip coupling lines provide the input/output coupling and its strength are determined by the gap width and length (S 2, L 2 and S 3, L 8). In this model, the interior region of the patch antenna is modeled as a section of transmission line. Where, P A = Power output of Port 2. TEM wavelength is the distance between two adjacent peaks or troughs of adjacent cycles of the TEM wave. Unit Converters. D. The phase is mostly + 90 ∘ or − 90 ∘, indicating that Zin is mostly reactive. Basic Calculator. This paper provides details on how to investigate a new method of teaching microstrip patch antenna design made by Metamaterials using MATLAB. These radio frequency calculators help with unit conversion, attenuator design, antenna design, radars, and various other basic calculators. It include aggregate noise figure calculator, circular waveguide lowest cutoff frequency frequency calculator, dBm to dBW converter, dBm to Watt converter, Watt to dBm converter, microstrip line impedance calculator, PI attenuator resistance. Microstrip Max Current Calculator. Output Power Ratio (PA/ PB) Calculate. The edge couple differential microstrip transmission line is a common technique for routing differential traces. This calculator provides accurate microstrip transmission line analysis and synthesis. Introduction. The linked article below contains a free microstrip line calculator that can be used in your web browser. 1 shows a pair of coupled microstrip lines. 0300 meters. Figure 5. 2 of the Microstrip Calculator, h=H1 and b=H2-H1. Wire over Ground Calculator. This calculator will help you calculate the guided wavelength, provided the dimensions of the microstrip are given as well as the velocity of propagation, the microstrip material's dielectric constant, and the input. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. P B. HFSS Waveport Size Calculator Figure out the correct waveport size to use in HFSS for a microstrip line feed. There are two types of cross talk forward and backward crosstalk. Moreover, based on the simulation, the antenna with the. Microstrip directional couplers are easy to integrate into RF circuits constructed on a single substrate. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) are. Interestingly, for a given geometry model, the delay constant in ns/ft is a function only of the dielectric constant, and not the trace dimensions (see Reference 6). The waveguide width determines the lower cutoff frequency and is equal (ideally) to ½ wavelength of the lower cutoff frequency. Do all your RF calculations using this application. We invite you to voice your opinions. To use the calculator, place values in either the velocity of propagation field or the dielectric constant field. Se requieren los parámetros del sustrato: constante dieléctrica (εr), altura dieléctrica (h) y la frecuencia de interés. Figure 3. Microstrip Transmission Line Models The impedance Z 0 of a transmission line consisting of a circular signal conductor having a diameter d and centered between parallel ground planes separated by a distance h is given by: This web page allows you to calculate the width and length of a microstrip line for a given impedance, electrical length, or vice versa. Go to. Pi-Matching Impedance Network Calculator. Conductor is assumed to have zero thickness and to be uniformly spaced between the ground planes. example. Technical Overviews. The Impedance Calculator evaluates single-ended and differential impedance for various impedance models. All About Circuits is the largest online electrical engineering communities in the world with over 700K engineers, who collaborate every day to innovate, design, and create. James, Experimental Characterization of Microstrip Bends and Their Frequency Dependent Behavior, 1973 IEEE Conference Digest, October 1973, pp. Width (w) Trace Thickness (t) Dielectric Thickness (h) Relative dielectric constant (εr) Calculate Reset Result Single Ended Impedance Ω Propagation Dealy ps/inch This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of a microstrip, a flat conductor suspended over a ground plane with a dielectric between them. The patch antenna calculator linkMicrostrip line calculator linksubstrate. Co: capacitance per unit length. That still may not mean the formulae are valid for that range, just that the calculators have not implemented catches for this unexpected range of use. It was found that the microstrip showed more benefit than the CBCPW when comparing a smooth copper to a rough copper surface for insertion loss. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of an edge-coupled microstrip. 6 Band Resistor. 2 of the Microstrip Calculator, h=H1 and b=H2-H1. The quarterwave impedance transformation calculator is used to match an input and an output impedance at a given frequency for maximum power transfer. Embedded Microstrip. EEWeb offers a free online broadside coupled stripline impedance calculator. 331 1 2 5. h s is the height of the aggressor microstrip above the reference plane in meters. P B = Power output of Port 3. 0 (modified)) A microstrip line is single-ended 1 in the sense that the conductor geometry is asymmetric and the one conductor – namely, the ground plane – also normally serves as ground for the source and load. Access technical papers, white papers, calculators, tools and more for circuit laminates, prepreg and bonding materials. The synthesis portion calculates the required physical parameters to meet desired electrical. In addition to the suite of free design, verification, and analysis tools shown below, EEWeb is the home for experienced and novice designers alike to share tips and to ask and answer questions via our forums. 542 mm, a substrate height of 1. Visit to learn more about our other electrical engineering tools and resources. Rin (y=y_o)=Rin (y=0)*cos ( (pi/L)*y_o)^2. Then, multiply the values of L and l by 0. V. As the surface roughness goes from low to high, the conductor losses also increase. This calculator uses the. 1t + 2. There are two types of crosstalk: forward and backward. Email: info@multi-circuit-boards. In some cases, users require a custom impedance value. So two estimates have been calculated for the frequency at which the first higher-order. Resistance calculated using this tool includes both dc and ac resistance of microstrip conductors. IEEE defines it as "The loss between two isotropic radiators in free space, expressed as a power ratio. Outputs. The following table compares bench mark values used by Polar Instruments with the results obtained. Such a stripline is constructed with two traces referenced to the same reference planes above and below the traces with a dielectric material between them. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. For this reason, trace width is important in the design of striplines. Using the 3 dB and 60 dB bandwidth the above calculator can calculate the shape factor and quality factor for any microwave band-pass filter. H (Dielectric thickness) : The Smith Chart graphically maps S11=reflection coefficient= (ZL-Z0)/ (ZL+Z0) to Load Impedance (ZL), normalized to Z0 (source impedance = center of chart). Within each model, the following combinations are available:. Phase Noise to Jitter Calculator. Microstrip Calculator computes a microstrip's Effective Dielectric Constant and Characteristic Impedance. 3 GHz) rectangular pulses. **Note: All of our calculators allow SI prefix input. accuracy microstrip calculator i'm sorry. Microstrip Line Calculator Analyze or synthesize a microstrip line based on substrate parameters and frequency. 4. Reset. 6 GHz f Higher-Microstrip = c / ( 4 h ε r − 1) = 10. Calculating Inductance and Capacitance of a Bandpass Filter. The microstrip line calculator makes it possible to calculate the characteristic impedance of a microstrip line from the ratio between the width of the line and the height of the substrate as well as the parameters of the substrate. Ratings and Reviews 5. 9 to 3. 08. Complied under the latest toolset. Stripline and microstrip are methods of routing high-speed transmission lines on your PCB. Equation Source: Ulaby "Fundamentals of Applied. The Differential microstrip impedance calculator is used to compute the differential (Zd) and single-ended impedance (Zo) of an edge-coupled microstrip line just by entering the width, separation and thickness of the trace along with the dielectric thickness and constant of the coupled line. To use this calculator, enter the values for the wire diameter and substrate dielectric and press the "calculate" button. ice. hkprakash7 Member level 1. 3 shall be used. A variant of coplanar waveguide is formed when a ground plane is provided on the opposite side of the dielectric, which is called finite ground-plane coplanar waveguide (FGCPW), or more simply, grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW). Usually Microstrip separated from the ground by using dielectric substrate. 09/08/2007: Online VSWR calculator added. 0046) creates a standard microstrip transmission line with a width of 0. MicroStrip Calculator . The. In the lumped and distributed form, they are extensively used for both commercial and military applications. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed and simulated with CST software using 0. Crosstalk is unwanted coupled energy between traces. Loop Inductance Calculator. Understanding coax can be helpful when working with it. 1< W/H < 3. To use it, first select the tolerance of the resistor: 10%, 5% or equal or smaller than 2%. Go to the. λ is the wavelength of the signal in free space. The characteristic impedance is given by: Eq. If the dielectric constant of the material is not known, you can choose to put in the velocity of. Conductor is assumed to have zero thickness and to have uniform height. This calculator assumes the distance between the two reference planes to be an equal distance. The CPW models underestimate the influence of the ground plane underneath the T-line. Re: Microstrip feed line. R w = Terminating resistance between two. ε R. Online Version. when i insert the microstrip in patch. Basic structure of microstrip junction circulator consists ground plane, dielectric slab and ferrite material. Microstrip Crosstalk Calculator. Loss increases with distance, so understanding the FSPL is an essential parameter for engineers dealing with RF communications systems. Microstrip filters are built as a carefully defined pattern on a PC board. For example, txline = txlineMicrostrip ('Width',0. Microstrip Capacitance. Engineering Paper (Printable PDF) Log-Log Graph Paper (PDF Download) Semi-Log Graph Paper (PDF Download) Smith Chart Graph Paper (PDF Download)A better estimate of the frequency where the higher-order microstrip mode becomes a problem is given by Equation (5. Track Thickness: mm. L-Match Topology. example. 3 Gbps (corrected: 1. BLACK FRIDAY: 🎉 El 24 de Noviembre habrá 50% de DESCUENTO en todos los Productos de mi TIENDA 🎉 Descartar. Polar or rectangular grids only allow direct reading of S11. It is suitable for the production of flat structure transmission lines of microwave integrated circuits. Created: 16 October 2022. Patch antenna online calculator. In the circular case, instead of the operating frequencies being related to rectangular resonances, they will be related to circular resonances defined by cylindrical Bessel functions. The Skin depth is the depth from the conductor surface at which the current density decreases to 1/e (= 0. . This calculator is designed to compute the maximum allowable current that can flow through a stripline. Take note that this assumes that the distance between the conductor and the planes is not the same for both reference planes; hence the asymmetric term. Description. Don’t forget to check out our other calculators on our site and also our. Connect the third microstrip line from the port 2 to 4 which forms a tee network. Microstrip Calculator Accuracy. Here is the link to the Microstrip line simulation in HFSS (Please watch the ADS design and simulation before!) fabricated microstrip UWB bandpass filter is then measured using a vector network analyzer and results are presented. Consider the microstrip antenna shown in Figure 1, fed by a microstrip transmission line. 1. It supports both balanced and unbalanced lines. Wire Self Inductance. 0 6 / 15 2011-04-28 2. Microstrip Impedance Calculator. An example of a wire microstrip might most often be found in prototypes or reworked boards where a wire is used over the top of pcb or copper clad material. RF calculations and RF conversions include metric. Agilent's LineCalc tool calculates Z odd = 50. There are four different types of impedance used in characterizing differential trace impedances. 1. Calculadora de Líneas Microstrip S. An embedded microstrip is a microstrip transmission line or flat conductor separated from the ground place via a dielectric material. PCB Impedance-Calculation: Help with the dimensioning of the impedances of your circuit board. One of the features of this type of microstrip is the coupling between lines. 2. The characteristic impedance (Z o) of coplanar waveguide with ground or microstrip lines with signal side ground plane can be calculated using the active calculator or the equations at the bottom of the page. This calculator helps determine the correct values of the inductance (L) and capacitance (C) of an inductor and capacitor to be used in a Butterworth LC bandpass filter. Impedance in Ohms. 5 mils (241 microns). Microstrip Impedance Calculator Enter the Height, Width and Permittivity to get the Impedance of the Microstrip Note : The unit of the height and width entered must be the same. Characteristic Impedance of the System (Z0) Ohms. 12BVO/0. The Wilkinson power splitter was invented around 1960 by an engineer named Ernest Wilkinson. The edge couple differential symmetric stripline transmission line is a common technique for routing differential traces. Above picture is wrong. 2 (t / h) 2 for W/h > 1. This tool will also compute the resistance of the microstrip, the voltage drop, and the power. Yes, the inset is discussed in Balanis. ; You can use the formula provided to calculate the capacitance of a microstrip when you have values for εr, A, and d. This tool will also give you the magnitude of the coupled voltage between. This. The patch cutout for the feed inset should be > 2 times the microstrip width. Points: 2 Helpful Answer Positive Rating Jun 26, 2008; Jun 26, 2008 #5 H. 2. 35/fmax. 4. The edge couple differential symmetric stripline transmission line is a common technique for routing differential traces. Microstrip is a type of electrical transmission line which can be fabricated with any technology where a conductor is separated from a ground plane by a dielectric layer. V1 and V3 are the voltages at the input and coupled port, respectively. This calculator is designed to find the characteristic impedance of an asymmetric stripline - a flat conductor between two ground planes. EEWeb offers a free online broadside coupled stripline impedance calculator. A study was done comparing microstrip and CBCPW transmission lines with different copper types, which had significantly different surface roughness. The maximum PCB track length is then calculated by multiplying tr by 2 inch/nanosecond. Dielectric loss in a PCB transmission line. The input impedance, Zin, of the shorted microstrip line is shown in Figure 3. SAVE & ACCEPT. 4mil and the dielectric thickness to the first intermediate layer (this is a 4-layer board) is 6. To help you run through the above integral, you can download a microstrip trace taper calculator worksheet for use in Excel. Dimensions are in meters. Overview. 3): fHigher-Microstrip = c/(4h εr − 1− −−−−√) = 10. This is the reason why engineers specify the trace width in their designs. 3 kΩ resistor and a 47 nF capacitor (which are standard resistor and capacitor values). As the εr increases, the propagation delay (tPD) also increases. Pasternack's RF Calculators and Conversions section provides engineers valuable and easy-to-use tools ranging from complex mathematical formulas to simple conversions. Here's a "reverse microstrip calculator" a spreadsheet that lets you specify impedance and solves for line width. Access a free microstrip impedance calculator; View a list of all of our free online calculators; Calculator Inputs. 6. Latest News 04/20/2011: Noise Figure calculator added. Output. 1,2Department of Electronics & Communication, Geentajali Institute of Technical Studies, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India Abstract This paper provides details on how to investigate a new method of teaching microstrip patch antenna designthank you so much. 1t + 2. In stripline configurations, the conductor will be sandwiched between. If the dielectric constant of the material is not known, you can choose to put in the velocity of. The propagation delay of the microstrip line can also be calculated, as per Eq. (© CC BY SA 3. HFSS Waveport Size Calculator Figure out the correct waveport size to use in HFSS for a microstrip line feed. 109-115, November 1989. This calculator determines the impedance of a symmetric differential stripline pair. Enter the values for trace thickness, substrate heights,. Visit to learn more about our other electrical engineering tools and resources. The spacer material is. Basic Online Calculator. For more information see About our. TX-LINE software is a FREE and interactive transmission-line utility for the analysis and synthesis of transmission-line structures that can be used directly in Cadence ® AWR ® Microwave Office ® software for matching-circuits, couplers, and other high-frequency designs. Compared with metal waveguides, it is small in size, light in weight, bandwidth in use, high in reliability and low. A stripline is similar to the microstrip except that the flat conductor is now inside the. Microstrip. Wavelength Calculator. Enter the relative permitivity, width of the trace, the ground plane spacing, and the substrate thickness to calculate the characteristic impedance. Top layer of the PCB, 50 Ohm microstrip line transmitting 650 MHz/1. The best ECAD software will include a field solver-based model. AppCAD Free Design Assistant Tool for Microsoft Windows. 4: Microstrip Transmission Lines. Problem Definition 2. 4 GHz, microstrip line feed. Calculates the resistance, inductance and capacitance per unit length of common low-loss transmission line configurations. These dominant modes are for this case. Using this calculator, the the transmission line theory. The dimensions of antenna can be found in the HFSS simulation file. The plots show the magnitude and phase of the input impedance. 0. In all cases, the current is assumed to flow in the outer surface of the. This calculator finds both odd and even transmission line impedance. on1. The back side must stay copper coated and be connect to the ground. 1. SAVE & ACCEPT. In this TI DN041 guide it says the following in section 4 Designing a Half Wae Dipole Antenna on a PCB: The width of the trace does have an impact on the antenna performance, particularly the bandwidth. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator Calculate dimensions and edge impedance for desired resonant frequency. 7. 4, 5, 4. Additional benefits of patch antennas is that they are easily fabricated making them cost effective. For example, microstrip = microstripLine (Length=0. 588 mm and relative permittivity of 2. Scientific Calculator. 0016 and E r =12. Dielectric Constant. Users need only specify the material properties for. coupledmicrostrip = coupledMicrostripLine (Name=Value) sets Properties using one or more name-value arguments. In general, θ = ( π / 2) ( f / f 0). The skin depth depends upon the operating frequency and resistivity & relative permeability of the material. The default units for all given values, except the subtrate dielectric, is in millimetres. Polar or rectangular grids only allow direct reading of S11. Wire over Ground Calculator. 577e-9 H. The resonant frequency of an LC Circuit is the frequency at which the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance of the LC circuit are equal. Lo: inductance per unit length. C is the capacitance of the microstrip. 3 Answers. Ae = Effective antenna aperture in m 2. It consists of a rectangular metal patch on a dielectric substrate and is excited by a voltage source across the metal patch and the bottom ground plane of the substrate. Microstrip miter compensation. This implies that the resulting transmission line resonators are one-quarter wavelength long at 2 f 0 (i. Regardless of the attribution, there are a few parameters that are put into the calculator:rect_patch_tl. It is similar in function to capacitors and inductors but only for very high frequencies. Based on these studies combined with optimization tool in Advanced Design. Description. This article features a JS generator for hairpin microstrip band-pass filters in the GHz band. Microstrip lines have three parameters that we can change to achieve 50 ohm impedance: Due to design constraints, there is only one parameter (track width,) left to achieve 50 ohm. The nice part about coax is that it can be bent and flexible unlike most pcb transmission lines. A. 2 Ratings. In this measurement, a voltage source is used to excite Port 1 and the received signal at. 6 GHz. Stripline. Learn how to design microstrip and CPW power dividers using Keysight EEsof EDA tools in this technical overview. Such a circuit will deliver an exact cutoff frequency of. For example, coupledMicrostripLine (Length. Microstrip has conductors embedded in two dielectric mediums and cannot support a pure TEM mode. Three different solutions are presented with five, seven, and nine elements, reaching about 25%, 30%, and 44% of bandwidth, achieving ultra-wideband behavior, efficient and with a. Description. The shape of microstrip antenna can be rectangle, square, ellipse, circle, triangle, ring, pentagon, or their variations4–6. Figure (PageIndex{1}): Directional couplers: (a) schematic; and (b) backward-coupled. Large selection of online interactive calculators for RF design, including attenuators, capacitance, resonance, RF traps, and microstrip impedance. There are 3 types of microstrip models to choose from- uncoated, coated, and embedded. Three conducting strips are attached to the center disk at 120° apart from each other. Users just have to provide the required filter specifications as well as the material description. There are a number of pcb transmission line typologies. Keep in mind that the conversions only hold exactly at one frequency, ω. O. This technique doesn’t work for wide band requirements, but is a simple way to achieve this at a specific. 0300) creates a microstrip line of length 0. A two part calculator which gives ideal and preferred value resistors, showing most formulas used and a link to the others. RADAR RELATED LINKS. The differential impedance will be a bit less than 2x the single-ended impedance. 0 Esta calculadora determina la anchura y la longitud física de una línea microstrip para una impedancia característica Zo y una longitud eléctrica dadas. When. A better estimate of the frequency where the higher-order microstrip mode becomes a problem is given by Equation (4. Description. Assumptions and Limitations. hi balanis antena theory book thay have give example problem. microstrip ('Thickness',0. txline = txlineMicrostrip (Name,Value) sets Properties using one or more name-value pairs. For fixed line impedance on microstrip (such as fifty ohms), dielectric loss is almost constant for any thickness substrate. Description. A. Stripline is a transmission line trace surrounded by dielectric material suspended between two ground planes on internal layers of a PCB. The length of a half-wavelength dipole can be calculated by the given formula: L =. In design, the physical dimensions must be determined given the desired electrical properties. Therefore, it is best to. A tool for accurate microstrip transmission line analysis and synthesis, with substrate parameters, physical and electrical parameters, and loss equations. Access Rogers' calculators, literature, technical papers and request samples on your smart phone or tablet through the ROG mobile app. High-quality circuit boards as prototype and series at reasonable prices. II.